,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, so must know how to cultivate this crop (as well as you can know details about tomato cultivation in SRI LANKA)
Tomato : Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
Introduction
Tomato is one of the most widely
cultivated vegetable crop in the world. It is an important Source of
vitamin. an important cash crop for medium scale commercial farmers.
It?s Origin is the South American Andes.
Tomato Contribute to a healthy well balanced diet. They are rich in minerals vitamins amino acid, Sugars and dietary fibres. Tomato containg much Vitamin B and C, iron and phosphorus although a ripe tomato contains as much as 93 to 94 percent water.
Tomato Contribute to a healthy well balanced diet. They are rich in minerals vitamins amino acid, Sugars and dietary fibres. Tomato containg much Vitamin B and C, iron and phosphorus although a ripe tomato contains as much as 93 to 94 percent water.
Nutritive value of tomato per 100 gm of edible portion
| Nutrient | Amount |
| Water | 94.1 gm |
| Protein | 1.0 gm |
| Fat | 0.3 gm |
| Carbohydrates | 4.0 gm |
| Fibre | 0.6 gm |
| Vitamin A | 1100 IU |
| Vitamin B | 0.2 gm |
| Vitamin C | 23 gm |
| Nicotinic acid | 0.6 gm |
| Pantothenic acid | 0.31 gm |
| Vitamin E | 0.27 gm |
| Biotin | 0.004 gm |
| Malic acid | 150.0 gm |
| Citric acid | 390.0 gm |
| Oxalic acid | 7.5 gm |
| Sodium (Na) | 3.0 gm |
| Potassium (K) | 268.0 gm |
| Calcium (Ca) | 11.0 gm |
| Magnesium (Mg) | 11.0 gm |
| Iron (Fe) | 0.6 gm |
| Copper (Cu) | 0.1 gm |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.19 gm |
| Phosphorus (P) | 27.0 gm |
| Sulphur (S) | 11.0 gm |
| Chlorine (Cl) | 51.0 gm |
Recommended Varieties
 |
KWR
- Bearing period 2-3.5 months - Small to medium size - Acidic - Average weight 50 g |
 |
T 146
shoulder - Bearing period 2.5-3.5 months - Medium size - Average weight 90 g |
 |
T 245
- Round shaped - Bearing period 2.5-3.5 months - Medium size - Average weight 100 g - Thick pericarp |
 |
Thilina
- First harvest about 2.5 months after trans planting - Medium size - Thick pericarp - Hard Fruits - Average weight 85-95 g |
 |
Ravi
- Susceptible wilt - Medium size - Weight 43 g |
 |
Tharidu
- Susceptible to wilt - Medium size - Weight 43 g |
 |
Rashmi
- Medium size - Weight 185 g |
 |
Rajitha
- Medium size - Weight 80 g |
 |
Lanka Saver (Goraka Takkali)
- Average Weight 122 g |
 |
Mahesha
- Average Weight 125 g |
 |
K.C. 01
- Flattened Fruits |
Roma
- Bearing period 2-3 1/2 months - Medium size - Oval shaped - Average weight 60 |
|
Biyan
|
|
| Bathiya |
- Suitable period is mid of March or end of August
- 1 m x 3 m size raised bed (about 18-20 cm raised) is recommended
- Remove clods of earth and stubble
- Add well decomposed farmyard manure and fine sand and prepare the bed
- Apply fungicide (Thiram or captan) put paddy husk and straw layers on the Surface of the bed and fire from the opposite of the wind direction and burn the seed bed
- Draw lines 12-15cm apart over the length of the seed bed. Sow the seed thinly spaced on the lines and press gently cover the seeds with fine sand.
- Water the bed and mulch it by using paddy straw
Field Establishment
Climatic requirement
Optimum climatic conditions are
- 21 0c - 27 0c temperature
- PH should be in between 5.8-6.8
- Elevation 1000-2000 m
Soil
Tomato grows well on most mineral soil
that have proper water holding capacity and aeration and are free of
soil. It prefers deep well drained sandy loam soils. The upper layer
needs to be permeable. Soil depth of 15 to 20 cm is needed to grow a
healthy crop.
Transplanting
Transplant the seedling to the field
3-4 weeks after sowing. A week before transplanting seedlings should be
hardened by reducing the application of water but 12-14 hours before
they are taken out of the seedbed they should be thoroughly watered
again to avoid excessive damage to the roots. Seedlings of 15-25 cm
tall with 3-5 true leaves are most suitable for transplanting.
Transplanting should be done in the afternoon or on a cloudy day reduce
the transplanting shock.
Tomato is moderately tolerant to a wide range of pH, but grows well in soils with a pH of 5.5-6.8 addition of organic matter is in general favorable for good growth.
Tomato is moderately tolerant to a wide range of pH, but grows well in soils with a pH of 5.5-6.8 addition of organic matter is in general favorable for good growth.
Watering
Tomato is not resistant to drought. It
is important to water the plant regularly especially during flowering
and fruit formation the amount of water that is needed depend on the
type of soil and on the weather.
Weed Control
Hand weed at 3 and 6 weeks after planting
Spacing - 80 cm x 50 cm
Seed rate - 300g-400g /Hac-1
Fertilizer Recommendation
All areas except Badulla district
| Type | Time of Application | Source | Quantity | ||||
| Liming * | 2 WBP | Lime/Dolomite | 1-2 t/ha | ||||
| Organic manure | 3 - 5 DBP | PM**, CM or Compost | 10 t/ha | ||||
| Chemical Fertilizer | Source and Qty kg/ha | Nutrient Qty kg/ha | |||||
| Urea | TSP | MOP | N | P2O5 | K2O | ||
| BP | 65 | 325 | 65 | 30 | 150 | 40 | |
| 3WAP | 65 | - | - | 30 | - | - | |
| 6 WAP | 65 | - | 65 | 30 | - | 40 | |
| Total | 195 | 325 | 130 | 90 | 150 | 80 | |
** If PM is applied, reduce TSP and MOP by 25%
BP=Before planting; DBP=Days before planting; WBP=Weeks before planting; WAP=Weeks after planting; PM=Poultry
manure; CM=Cattle manure
Badulla district
| Type | Time of Application | Source | Quantity | ||||
| Liming * | 2 WBP | Lime/Dolomite | 1-2 t/ha | ||||
| Organic manure | 3 - 5 DBP | PM**, CM or Compost | 10 t/ha | ||||
| Chemical Fertilizer | Source and Qty kg/ha | Nutrient Qty kg/ha | |||||
| Urea | TSP | MOP | N | P2O5 | K2O | ||
| BP | 65 | 215 | 50 | 30 | 100 | 30 | |
| 3WAP | 65 | - | - | 30 | - | - | |
| 6 WAP | 65 | - | 50 | 30 | - | 30 | |
| Total | 195 | 215 | 100 | 90 | 100 | 60 | |
** If PM is applied, reduce TSP and MOP by 25%
BP=Before planting; DBP=Days before planting; WBP=Weeks before planting; WAP=Weeks after planting; PM=Poultry
manure; CM=Cattle manure
Pest control
Cut worm (Agrotis spp)
Damage Symptoms
- The young plants are cut from the base.
Control methods
Non chemical Control
- Ploughing the soil to expose to sunlight
- Flood the land with water
- Treat 3% carbofuran planting holes at the time of transplanting
- Just after planting treat one of following insecticide around the base of the plants to saturate the soil. Mix them with 10 liter of water
- Profenophos 500g/l 23 ml
- Prothiofos 500g/l 30 ml
- Chlofluwersuron 500g/l 10 ml
Tomato pod borer (Heliothis armigera)
Damage symptoms
- Damaged leaves
- Bores in fruits
- If the damage is not severe collect and destroy the Caterpillars
- If the damage is severe apply insecticide
- The first spraying may be done at the time of flowering and formation of fruits
- Chlofluwersuron 50g/l (Atobrone)
Disease Control
- Damping off
- Cassal Organisum
Cause rot of soft tissue. Affected seedlings collapse at the base of
stem and death of seedling. Poor germination may occur due to
pre-emergence damping left
- Rhizoctonia solani
Cause brownish black discolouration at the base of the stem and death
at seedings
- Fusarium Solani
Mainly causes root rot
- Macrophomina phaseolina
Causes blackening of the stem base and on root resulting in dry root
and seedling welt
Control
1. Prepare nursery beds in well drained virgin soil or subsoil
2. Nursery sterilization
- Apply 10cm leveled thickness at paddy husk and paddy straw on the nursery bed. Then burn it form opposite wind direction.
- Covered the nursery beds with transparent polythene sheet for a minimum of seven continues sunny day
- Treat seeds and drench soil with recommended fungicide like captan and thiram
Bacterial wilt
Symptoms
- Sudden and permanent wilting similar to water stress
- Discoloration of vascular tissue
- Crop rotation with non solanaceos crops
- Use wilt resistant verities
- Soil sterilization with fungicides such as methyl bromide can be effective but is very costly
Blight
Symptoms
- The disease affects foliage stems and fruits water soaked spots on leaves enlarge in to brownish or purplish lesions
- Under mois conditions a white mildew develops spores on the underside of leaves
- Ensure field sanitation by eliminating diseased materials
- Grow resistant verities
- Use recommended fungicide like
Propineb (Antrocol) 20 ml/10 l-1
Mancozeb 20 ml/10 l-1
Maneb 20 ml/10 l-1
Anthacnose
Symptoms
- Sunken brown spots on fruits and leaves
- Discolouration of buds and die-back of plants
- Remove and destroy infected plants
- Use recommended fungicides like
Mancozeb 20 g/10 l-1
Maneb 20 g/10 l-1
Downy midew
Symptoms
- White patches on the lower surface of leaves while the upper surface of leaves become yellowish then brown and leaves die, seedling death may result.
- Use recommended fungicide like
Propineb (Antrocol)
Mancozeb
Maneb
Blossom end rot
Symptoms
- Dark green water soaked spots appear at the blossom end of the fruit and enlarge until the fruits begin to ripen. Affected tissues are hard and leathery initially but due to secondary infection, fruit rot can develop
- Water regularly to avoid drought stress
Leaf curl virus
Symptoms
- Leaves Curl upward
- Reduction of fruit size
- Remove diseased plant
- Spray with insecticides for vector control
Harvesting & Post-harvest Technology
When the colour changes from green to yellow should be harvested.
Post Harvest treatments
- Wipe fruits to remove diret
- Harvested fruits collect in to a container
- Do not drop on the soil
- Do not expose sun
- Do not help on the floor
Storage techniques
- Cold storage conditions are 13-210c and 90.95% PH
- Enclose in seated low density polyethylene bags before storing at low temperature
Packaging
Use rigid 30 cm ventilated plastic crates. It is better to use polyethylene liner to improve quality.
Transporting
- If produce is packed in plastic crates stock them in lorries for transport
- Use ventilated lorries
- Do not open lorries
- Protect from sun light and rain careful loading and unloading
Economics & Marketing
Tomato - Target Production as in the District-level Extension Plan (mt)
| Province | Districts | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 |
| Western | Colombo | 24 | 25 | 26 |
| Gampaha | - | - | - | |
| Kalutara | 84 | 120 | 144 | |
| Southern | Galle | 4 | 30 | 30 |
| Matara | 174 | 264 | 288 | |
| Hambantota | 1150 | 1165 | 1190 | |
| Uva | Badulla | 26025 | 25500 | 25500 |
| Moneragala | 4125 | 3300 | 3750 | |
| Sabaragamuwa | Ratnapura | 2319 | 2420 | 2490 |
| Kegalle | 127 | 135 | 150 | |
| NWP | Kurunegala | 1125 | 1290 | 1350 |
| Puttalam | 174 | 420 | 732 | |
| Central | Kandy | 10620 | 10950 | 11200 |
| Matale | 2280 | 4100 | 4700 | |
| Nuwara Eliya | 15125 | 17375 | 18125 | |
| NCP | Anuradhapura | 390 | 415 | 435 |
| Polonnaruwa | 75 | 190 | 200 | |
| Northern | Jaffna | - | - | - |
| Killinochchi | - | - | - | |
| Mannar | - | - | - | |
| Vavuniya | - | - | - | |
| Mulativu | - | - | - | |
| Eastern | Trincomalee | 8965 | 9300 | 9450 |
| Batticaloa | - | - | - | |
| Ampara | - | - | - | |
| Mahaweli | Udawalawe | 2280 | 4100 | 4700 |
| System H | - | - | - | |
| System B | - | - | - | |
| System C | - | - | - | |
| System G | - | - | - | |
| System L | - | - | - | |
| Total | 75066 | 81099 | - | 84460 |
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